•  Using vocabulary to describe periods of time

Examples: long ago, yesterday, today, tomorrow

Examples:

- present-one or both parents working outside the home, families sharing household responsibilities, students having choices of transportation;

- past-parents working together on family-owned farms, family responsibilities assigned by gender, students walking to school

Examples: Veterans Day, Independence Day

•  Identifying famous individuals associated with holidays and celebrations

Examples:

- Presidents' Day-George Washington, Abraham Lincoln;

- Thanksgiving-Squanto, Pilgrims;

- Black History Month-Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., Booker T. Washington

•  Describing personal and family experiences related to holidays and celebrations

•  Demonstrating ways money is used in everyday life

Examples: saving money in piggy banks, using money to buy pencils at the school supply store

•  Identifying various community helpers and their roles in the community

Examples: farmers providing food, firefighters putting out fires, health care professionals giving vaccinations, police officers protecting citizens

•  Discussing differences between purchasing and bartering for materials

Examples: purchasing candy at the grocery store, trading candy for baseball cards

•  Discussing reasons for making choices

•  Locating objects and places to the right or left, up or down, in or out, and above or below

•  Giving directions

•  Following directions

•  Creating simple maps

Examples: home, classroom, school

Example: needing to wear a coat in winter

•  Discussing economic factors affected by seasonal changes

Example: heating and cooling expenses

Examples: literature, language, games, songs, dances, holidays

•  Explaining the importance of manners and social etiquette

•  Explaining the necessity for rules and laws and consequences of failing to obey them

Examples: raising hand before speaking to eliminate noise and allow every person to be heard, obeying traffic signs and signals to avoid traffic tickets and accidents, recognizing that playing with matches could lead to getting burned

Examples: Alabama state flag; the flag of the United States; eagle; Pledge of Allegiance; red, white, and blue; the song "America"; the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Examples: airplane, spacecraft; horse and buggy, subway

•  Identifying past and present forms of communication

Examples:

- past-letter, radio, rotary-dial telephone;

- present-e-mail, television, cellular telephone

•  Identifying past and present types of apparel

•  Identifying past and present types of technology

Examples:

- past-record players, typewriters, conventional ovens;

- present-CD and DVD players, VCRs, computers, microwave ovens

•  Identifying past and present types of recreation

Examples:

- past-marbles, hopscotch, jump rope;

- present-video games, computer games

•  Identifying primary documents of the past and present

Examples:

- past-letters, newspapers;

- present-e-mail, Internet articles

Examples: oral histories, vacation pictures in scrapbooks, videos, timelines

Examples: Mardi Gras, Helen Keller Day, National Shrimp Festival, Boll Weevil Festival

Examples: using money to purchase goods such as groceries, using money to pay for services such as babysitting

•  Explaining differences between wants and needs

•  Explaining concepts of saving and borrowing

•  Explaining differences between buyers and sellers

Examples:

- human-made-plastic, rayon;

- natural-cotton, coal, trees

•  Explaining uses of cardinal directions on the compass rose

•  Measuring distances using nonstandard means

Example: measuring with pencils, strings, hands, or feet

Examples: cleaning up litter, recycling, participating in Earth Day and Arbor Day activities

Examples:

- occupational-jobs provided by shrimping industry in coastal communities;

- recreational-swimming at the beach, hiking in the mountains

Examples: marriage customs, religious celebrations

•  Identifying common and unique characteristics of individuals in societal groups, including age, religious beliefs, ethnicity, disability, and gender

Examples: paying taxes, voting

•  Discussing the meaning of patriotism

Examples: recognizing the mayor as city leader, recognizing the governor as state government leader

•  Recognizing how laws protect rights and property

•  Identifying reasons for having rules at home and at school

Examples:

- past-shopping in general stores, attending frontier schools in one-room buildings;

- present-shopping in national chain superstores, attending contemporary schools with multiple classrooms

•  Using vocabulary to describe segments of time

Examples: year, decade, century

Examples:Abraham Lincoln rising from poverty and achieving position of President of the United States, Heather Whitestone coping with hearing loss and achieving title of Miss America, Nat "King" Cole struggling with segregation and becoming a world-renowned singer, Arthur George (A. G.) Gaston overcoming lack of completion of high school education and becoming exceptional businessman and developer and owner of one of the largest African-American businesses in the United States, Nelson Mandela confronting apartheid and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize

Examples: interviews with grandparents, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, video of Neil Armstrong's walk on the moon, newspaper reports of current elections, video about Sheyann Webb and her involvement in Selma's voting rights

Examples: Children's Day in Japan, Veterans Day in the United States, Bastille Day in France, Cinco de Mayo in Mexico, New Year celebrations in China

Examples: tracing milk supply from production on the farm to grocery stores and to consumers, tracing the manufacturing of technological components in other countries to consumers in the United States

•  Discussing the impact of consumer choices and decisions

Example: cost of buying and caring for a pet

•  Making informed decisions about borrowing and saving

Examples:

- human-made-paper;

- natural-crude oil

Examples: land use, housing, occupations

•  Comparing physical features of regions throughout the world

Example: discussing differences in a desert environment, a tropical rainforest, and a polar region

•  Identifying positive and negative ways people affect the environment

Examples:

- positive-restocking fish in lakes, oceans, and rivers; reforesting cleared land;

- negative-polluting water; throwing trash on roadways; causing erosion

•  Identifying map elements, including title, legend, and scale

•  Identifying intermediate directions

•  Utilizing key elements on maps and globes to estimate routes

Example: using a map scale to estimate the shortest route from one state to another or from Birmingham, Alabama, to Athens, Greece

Examples:

- rights-voting, freedom of speech;

- responsibilities-paying taxes

•  Explaining the voting process and the use of results

Example: telling how some national and world issues are settled by voting

•  Identifying acts of patriotism and symbols of the United States

Examples:

- acts-reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, standing during the national anthem;

- symbols-Statue of Liberty, Liberty Bell

•  Describing responsibilities of state, national, and world leaders

Examples: being an appointed or elected official, being a parent or guardian, being a police officer

•  Describing the appropriate use as well as the misuse of power and authority

Examples:

- use-determining safety rules;

- misuse-showing disrespect for personal freedoms

•  Discussing how and why people from various cultures immigrated to the United States

Examples:

- how-ships, planes, automobiles;

- why-improved quality of life, family connections, agricultural disasters

•  Using cardinal and intermediate directions to find a location on a map or globe

•  Demonstrating an understanding of simple grid lines

•  Measuring distance between two locations using a scale of miles

•  Locating physical and human features on a map using labels, symbols, and legends

•  Identifying limitations of maps

Examples: projections and distortions of maps

Examples:

- landforms-mountains, hills, plateaus;

- bodies of water-oceans, rivers, lakes;

- soil-silt, clay, sand;

- vegetation-tropical, desert, plains

•  Locating countries in the Western Hemisphere

•  Locating historical landmarks on maps

Examples: the capitol of the United States, the Alabama state capitol, previous site of the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York, Statue of Liberty, Pearl Harbor

•  Identifying processes of Earth, including continental drift, erosion, natural hazards, weather, and climate

Example: discussing differences in soil, climate, vegetation, or wildlife

•  Identifying ways in which humans alter the physical environment

Examples: oil spills, landfills, clearing of forests, urbanization, replacement of wetlands with farms, reforestation of cleared land, restocking of fish in waterways, planting of nitrogen-fixing crops such as legumes to restore nitrogen to the soil, planting of cover crops to prevent erosion

Examples:

- geographic-floods, hurricanes;

- economic-crop failures;

- historic-disease, war

•  Identifying human and physical criteria used to define regions

Examples:

- human-city boundaries, school district lines;

- physical-hemispheres, regions within continents or countries

•  Differentiating between producers and consumers and imports and exports

Examples:

- producers-suppliers, sellers;

- consumers-buyers;

- imports-coffee from Colombia, pineapples from Hawaii;

- exports-corn from Iowa

Example: disputes over water rights, landfill locations, or prison locations

•  Identifying examples of cooperation within and between different geographic areas

Examples: participation in Neighborhood Watch programs, provision of emergency assistance, participation in America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) Alert programs

•  Locating areas of political conflict on maps and globes

•  Explaining different viewpoints on contemporary issues at the local, state, national, and international levels

Examples: presence of trees for building homes, availability of natural gas supply for heating and water supply for drinking and for irrigating crops

•  Locating major natural resources and deposits throughout Alabama, the United States, and the Western Hemisphere

Examples:

- Alabama-iron;

- United States-timber;

- Western Hemisphere-fish from Canada

•  Describing present-day mechanization of labor as opposed to the historical use of human labor to harvest natural resources

Example: present-day practices of using machinery to mine coal and to harvest cotton and pecans

•  Evaluating the geographic impact of using major energy and technological resources in the twenty-first century

Example: Tombigbee River

•  Locating the five geographic regions of Alabama

•  Comparing laws that pertain to citizens of the United States, including pollution laws, highway speed limit laws, seat belt laws, and interstate trade laws

•  Describing cultural, political, and economic characteristics of people in the Western Hemisphere

Examples:

- cultural-types of clothes, homes, languages, religions;

- political-functions of political units at different levels such as cities, states, and nations;

- economic-natural resources, industrialization, living standards

Examples: preparing for earthquakes by identifying structural needs of homes before building, constructing houses on stilts in flood-prone areas, buying earthquake and flood insurance, providing hurricane or tornado shelters, establishing evacuation routes

Examples:

- characteristics-birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, population density, food, clothing, shelter;

- migration-movement of migrant workers to other locations

Examples:

- Montgomery-birthplace of the Confederacy, birthplace of the modern Civil Rights Movement;

- Tuskegee-home of Tuskegee Institute;

- Mobile-site of Fort Morgan and the Battle of Mobile Bay;

- Huntsville-home of the United States Space and Rocket Center;

- Tuscumbia-location of Ivy Green (birthplace of Helen Keller);

- Moundville-location of Moundville Archaeological Park;

- Birmingham-home of Vulcan and Vulcan Park, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, and Sloss Furnaces National Historic Landmark;

- Selma-site of voting rights activities

Examples: weather/climate maps, physical relief maps, waterway maps, transportation maps, political boundary maps, economic development maps, land-use maps, population maps

•  Discussing patterns and types of migrations as they affect the environment, agriculture, economic development, and population changes in Alabama

Examples:

- prehistoric Native Americans-Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian;

- historic Native Americans-Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek

•  Identifying locations of prehistoric and historic Native Americans in Alabama

•  Describing types of prehistoric life in Alabama

Examples: plants, animals, people

•  Identifying roles of archaeologists and paleontologists

•  Locating European settlements in early Alabama

•  Explaining reasons for conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans in Alabama from 1519 to 1840

Examples: differing beliefs regarding land ownership, religious differences, cultural differences, broken treaties

•  Identifying main causes, key people, and historical documents of the American Revolution and the new nation

Examples:

- main causes-taxation, lack of representation, distrust of centralized power;

- key people-George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin;

- historical documents-Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States

•  Naming social, political, and economic outcomes of the Creek Civil War and the Creek War in Alabama

Examples:

- social-adoption of European culture by Native Americans, opening of Alabama land for settlement;

- political-breaking of power of Native Americans, labeling of Andrew Jackson as a hero and propelling him toward presidency;

- economic-acquisition of tribal land in Alabama by the United States

•  Identifying the impact of the Trail of Tears on Alabama's Native Americans

•  Describing natural resources of Alabama

Examples: water, trees, coal, iron, limestone, petroleum, natural gas, soil

•  Describing the natural environment of Alabama

Examples: wildlife, vegetation, climate, bodies of water

•  Describing human environments created by settlement

Examples: housing, roads, place names

•  Explaining political and geographic reasons for changes in location of Alabama's state capital

•  Identifying prominent political leaders during early statehood in Alabama

Examples: William Wyatt Bibb, Thomas Bibb, Israel Pickens, William Rufus King

Examples:

- cultural-housing, education, religion, recreation;

- economic-transportation, livelihood;

- political-inequity of legal codes

•  Recognizing the impact of slavery on Alabama during the early nineteenth century

•  Identifying major areas of agricultural production using an Alabama map

Example: cotton raised in the Black Belt and fertile river valleys

•  Identifying Alabama's role in the organization of the Confederacy

Examples: secession convention, Montgomery as first state capital, inauguration ceremony for leaders

Examples: provision of supplies through the Port of Mobile; armament center at Selma; production of iron products, munitions, textiles, and ships

•  Explaining resulting economic conditions of the Civil War, including the collapse of economic structure, destruction of the transportation infrastructure, and high casualty rates

Examples:

- political-military rule, presence of Freedmen's Bureau, Alabama's readmittance to the Union, sharecropping;

- social-carpetbaggers, scalawags, Ku Klux Klan (KKK);

- economic-sharecropping, scarcity of goods and money

•  Describing the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States

•  Identifying the role of African Americans in politics during Reconstruction in Alabama

Examples:

- Benjamin Sterling Turner, United States House of Representatives (1871-1873);

- Jeremiah Haralson, Alabama State Legislature (1870-1874) and United States House of Representatives (1875-1877);

- James Rapier, United States House of Representatives (1873-1875)

•  Describing policies of major political parties in Alabama

Examples:

- social-implementation of "separate but equal" court decision (Plessy versus Ferguson), birth of National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) through Niagara Movement;

- educational-establishment of normal schools and land-grant colleges such as Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical (A & M) University, Auburn University, and Tuskegee University

•  Explaining the development and changing role of industry, trade, and agriculture in Alabama during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the rise of populism

•  Explaining the impact of the voting rights revision in the Alabama Constitution of 1901, including Jim Crow Laws

Example: restriction of eligible voters

•  Identifying Alabamians who made contributions in the fields of science, education, the arts, the military, politics, and business during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Examples:

- science-George Washington Carver, William Gorgas, Robert Van de Graff;

- education-Booker T. Washington, Julia Tutwiler, Helen Keller, Maria Fearing;

- arts-William Christopher (W. C.) Handy;

- military-Joe Wheeler, Richmond Pearson Hobson;

- politics-John Tyler Morgan, Patti Ruffner Jacobs, Thomas E. Kilby;

- business-William Pettiford

•  Discussing cultural contributions from various regions of Alabama that contributed to the formation of a state heritage

Examples: folklore, folk art, vernacular architecture

Examples: migration of African Americans to the North and West, utilization of Alabama's military installations and training facilities, increased production of goods for war effort

•  Recognizing Alabama participants in World War I

Example: Alabama Rainbow Division

•  Identifying the use of new technology in World War I

Examples: airplanes, machine guns, chemical warfare

Examples:

- effects of 1920s-increase in availability of electricity and employment opportunities, increase in wages and product consumption, overproduction of goods, stock market crash;

- effects of Great Depression-overcropping of land, unemployment, poverty, establishment of new federal programs

•  Describing effects of supply and demand on the economy

Examples: entry of women into workforce, increase in job opportunities, rationing, utilization of Alabama's military installations

•  Recognizing Alabama participants in World War II

Examples: Tuskegee Airmen, women in the military

•  Locating military bases in Alabama

•  Identifying important people and events of the modern Civil Rights Movement

Examples:

- people-Martin Luther King, Jr., George C. Wallace, Rosa Parks;

- events-Montgomery bus boycott, Birmingham church bombing, Selma-to-Montgomery march

•  Identifying benefits of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act

Examples: Korean Conflict, Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War, War on Terrorism

•  Recognizing Alabamians who have made significant contributions to society since 1950

Examples: Henry "Hank" Aaron, Hugo Black, Paul "Bear" Bryant, Nat "King" Cole, Marva Collins, Jeremiah Denton, A. G. Gaston, Mae C. Jemison, Harper Lee, Willie Mays, Harold (Hal) Moore, Thomas Moorer, Jesse Owens, Condoleezza Rice, Wernher von Braun, George C. Wallace, Lurleen B. Wallace, Hank Williams, Kathryn Tucker Windham

•  Describing how technological advancements brought change to Alabamians during the twentieth century

Examples: improvement of quality of life and expanded employment opportunities through use of electricity, improvement of transportation through introduction of automobiles and airplanes, improvement of communication through use of satellites and cellular telephones

•  Describing the growing influence of foreign-based companies

Examples: ocean currents, prevailing winds, large forests, major rivers, significant mountain ranges

•  Locating states, capitals, and important geographic features east of the Mississippi River

•  Identifying major ports in the United States

Examples: Mobile, Boston, New York, New Orleans, Savannah

Examples: Southeast, Northeast, Southwest, Pacific Northwest, Plains

•  Locating Native American groups by geographic region

•  Identifying significant early European patrons and explorers and early settlements

Examples:

- patrons-King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Prince Henry the Navigator;

- explorers-Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Juan Ponce de León, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Pizarro;

- early settlements-Roanoke (the Lost Colony), Jamestown, Plymouth

•  Locating the countries of origin of early European patrons and explorers including Prince Henry the Navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, Juan Ponce de León, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Pizarro

Examples: colonization of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island for religious freedom, establishment of Georgia as a prison colony, immigration of Europeans in pursuit of greater civil rights and wealth

•  Identifying major leaders, economic impact, and social changes in colonial society

Examples:

- major leaders-John Winthrop, Roger Williams, John Smith, James Oglethorpe, William Penn, Anne Hutchinson, John Rolfe;

- economic impact-tobacco and cotton crops as mainstays of economy;

- social changes-effects of establishment of House of Burgesses on colonial society

•  Identifying reasons for the French and Indian War

•  Describing the impact of the French and Indian War on the settlement of the colonies

•  Identifying geographic features, landforms, and differences in climates among the colonies

•  Describing emerging colonial governments

Examples: representative government, town meetings, role of laws

•  Describing the development of the emerging labor force in the colonies

Examples: slaves, indentured servants

•  Identifying on a map changes in North American boundaries as a result of the French and Indian War

Examples: spread of Christianity, increase in trading of cotton and indigo

•  Tracing the result of slave trading in the Americas

Example: establishment of the Triangular Trade Route

•  Locating centers of slave trade in the Western Hemisphere

•  Describing the social and political impact of the Declaration of Independence

•  Explaining contributions of Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, George Washington, and ordinary citizens

•  Describing efforts to mobilize support for the American Revolution by the Minutemen, Committees of Correspondence, First Continental Congress, Sons of Liberty, boycotts, and the Second Continental Congress

•  Locating on a map major battle sites of the American Revolution

•  Listing powers granted to Congress, the President, and those reserved for states or for the people

•  Discussing major ideas and concepts of the Constitution of the United States, including duties and powers of the three branches of government

•  Identifying main principles in the Bill of Rights

•  Describing the process by which territories achieve statehood under the Constitution

Examples: Louisiana Purchase, Indian Removal Act, Texas-Mexican Wars, Mexican-American War, Gold Rush of 1849

•  Tracing expeditions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in the American West, including the role of Sacagawea

•  Identifying the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine

Examples:

- causes-impressment, territorial disputes;

- events-burning of Washington, D.C.; creation of War Hawks; composition of "Star-Spangled Banner"; Battle of Horseshoe Bend; Battle of New Orleans

•  Locating on a map major areas of conflict in the War of 1812, including Washington, D.C.

Examples: states' rights, slave versus free states

•  Describing the importance of the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, John Brown's Rebellion, and the Emancipation Proclamation

•  Describing the impact of the Civil War on the social, economic, and political life of the United States

•  Identifying on a map locations important to the Civil War

Examples: Mason-Dixon Line, Fort Sumter, Appomattox, Confederate states, Union states, Confederate capitals

•  Describing the effects of Reconstruction on women and African Americans

Examples: voting rights for African-American males, women as heads of households, stabilization of the African-American family, role of self-help and mutual aid

•  Identifying the impact of Reconstruction on education in the United States

Example: education of African-American children

Examples: development of railroads, conflicts with Native Americans, location of reservations, end of frontier, Manifest Destiny

•  Locating states, capitals, and important geographic features west of the Mississippi River

•  Identifying major groups and individuals involved with the Westward Expansion

•  Identifying groups of western settlers engaged in areas of conflict and cooperation and trading practices, including farmers, ranchers, Mormons, and Hispanics

•  Analyzing the impact of closing the frontier on Native Americans

•  Locating areas settled in the United States between 1877 and 1900

•  Discussing the construction of the Panama Canal

•  Explaining how the United States acquired Alaska and Hawaii

•  Identifying major people involved in the Spanish-American War

Examples: Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders, William Gorgas

•  Locating major territories that were part of the treaty ending the Spanish-American War

Examples: eight-hour work day, child labor laws, workmen's compensation laws

•  Describing countries of origin and experiences of new immigrants to the United States

Example: Ellis Island experience

•  Identifying political and social leaders of the Progressive Movement

Examples: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Robert LaFollette, Jane Addams, Mary Harris "Mother" Jones, Clara Barton, Grover Cleveland

•  Analyzing the impact of early civil rights movements on the lives of Americans

•  Identifying cultural changes from 1900-1920 resulting from religious beliefs, industrialization, urbanization, and changes in communication and technology

•  Describing the role of the United States in World War I both militarily and on the home front

•  Identifying important people involved in World War I

Examples: Sergeant Alvin York, President Woodrow Wilson, Baron von Richthofen (Red Baron), Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French statesman Georges Clemenceau

•  Discussing technological advances and their impact on the economy of the United States

Examples: machine gun, tank, submarine, airplane, poisonous gas, gas mask, and industrial support necessary for their manufacture

•  Locating on a map or globe major countries involved in World War I and boundary changes after the war

•  Explaining rejection of world leadership by the United States after World War I

Example: reaction of Congress to Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

Examples: impact of Harlem Renaissance, Jazz Age, radio, movies, automobiles, flappers, household appliances, and speakeasies; Prohibition; leadership of the United States in international trade

•  Discussing contributions of inventors from 1877 to World War I

Examples: George Washington Carver, Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Wilbur and Orville Wright

•  Describing development of the modern woman

Examples: Amelia Earhart, Zelda Fitzgerald

•  Identifying notable people of the 1920s

Examples: Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Andrew Wyeth, Frederic Remington, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, Henry Ford

•  Describing results of the economic policies of the Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Administrations

Examples: higher wages, more consumer goods, collapse of the farm economy, extension of personal credit, stock market crash

•  Describing the effect of the Great Depression on the people of the United States

Examples: closing of farms, rising unemployment, building of Hoovervilles, migration of Okies

•  Locating on a map the area of the United States known as the Dust Bowl

•  Describing the importance of the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as President of the United States

Examples: Hundred Days, New Deal, National Recovery Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Social Security Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Works Progress Administration

•  Describing the impact of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) on the life of Alabamians

•  Locating river systems utilized by TVA

Examples:

- key figures-Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, Adolph Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Michinomiya Hirohito, Hideki Tojo;

- significant events-Battles of Normandy, Stalingrad, and Midway; Battle of the Bulge;

- reasons-Pearl Harbor, threat by Axis powers to Europe and Asia

•  Locating on a map or globe countries controlled by the Axis powers from 1939-1942

•  Locating on a map or globe Allied countries and key battles in World War II

•  Describing the development and use of the atomic bomb

•  Describing social costs associated with World War II

Examples: Holocaust, civilian and military casualties

•  Explaining the importance of treaties ending World War II

Examples: rationing, retooling of factories to change from production of consumer items to production of military equipment

•  Describing the changing role of women in the society of the United States during World War II

Example: members of workforce, Women's Army Corps (WAC), Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and United Service Organization (USO)

•  Describing the changing role of African Americans and Japanese Americans in the society of the United States during World War II

Examples: Tuskegee Airmen as a segregated military unit, separation of Japanese Americans into internment camps

Examples: movement to suburbs, introduction of television and rock and roll, increased birth rate during baby boom, changes in transportation due to the Federal Highway Act

•  Identifying Alabama's role in the Cold War

Examples: rocket production at Redstone Arsenal, helicopter training at Fort Rucker

•  Locating on a map areas of international conflict from 1945-1969

Examples:

- New Frontier-Peace Corps, tax cuts, space program;

- Great Society-Medicare, Medicaid, War on Poverty, Job Corps, Head Start program, federal funding for education

Examples:

- civil rights leaders-Rosa Parks; Martin Luther King, Jr.;

- events-Brown versus Board of Education; Montgomery bus boycott; student sit-ins; march on Washington, D.C.; Freedom Rides; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Malcolm X; voter registration efforts; Selma-to-Montgomery march

Examples:

- cultural-rock and roll, antiwar protests, counter-culture, hippies, fashion, cellular telephones, rise in single-parent families;

- economic-War on Poverty, Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), inflation, budget deficits

•  Describing the impact of technological and social changes on the society of the United States from 1970 to the present

•  Identifying important legislation created from the Nixon Administration to the present

Examples: Clean Air Act, Environmental Protection Act, Endangered Species Act, Patriot Act, Americans with Disabilities Act

•  Describing the changing role of women and minorities in society from 1970 to the present

•  Locating on a map sites of significant historical events occurring between 1970 and the present

•  Identifying essential characteristics of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights as the foundation of the government of the United States

•  Describing the influence of John Locke

•  Explaining essential characteristics of the political system of the United States

Examples: organization and functions of political parties, process of selecting political leaders

Examples: monarchy, limited monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, theocracy, pure democracy

•  Identifying major offices and officeholders of state and local governments

•  Explaining the historical background of the 1901 Constitution of Alabama and its impact on state and local governments

Example: lack of home rule

•  Describing how local and state governments are funded

•  Identifying geographic and political districts of legislative, executive, and judicial branches of national, state, and local governments

•  Describing the organization and jurisdiction of courts within the judicial system of the United States at local, state, and national levels

•  Explaining concepts of separation of powers and checks and balances among the three branches of state and national governments

•  Explaining rights of citizens under the Constitution

Examples: due process, right to keep and bear arms, private property right, right to privacy, equal protection, religious expression, habeas corpus

•  Explaining what is meant by the term rule of law

•  Understanding consequences of breaking the law

•  Contrasting juvenile and adult laws and their respective court systems

•  Identifying laws that most affect youth at home, school, and in the community

•  Using economic concepts to explain historical and current developments and issues in global, national, or local contexts

Example: increase in oil prices resulting from supply and demand

•  Analyzing the distribution of urban areas to determine how they are linked together

Example: using distribution maps to examine population flows among cities, suburbs, and small towns

•  Describing the influence of the stock market upon individuals and the economy

•  Analyzing distribution and production maps to determine patterns of supply and demand

•  Describing effects of government policies on the free market

•  Identifying laws protecting rights of consumers and avenues of recourse when those rights are violated

Examples:

- individual-respect for rights of others, self-discipline, negotiation, compromise;

- civic-respect for the law, patriotism, participation in the political process

•  Describing differences in rights, privileges, duties, and responsibilities between citizens and noncitizens

•  Explaining how United States citizenship is acquired

•  Interpreting an immigration map

•  Identifying character traits that are beneficial to individuals and to the republic of the United States

Examples: honesty, courage, compassion, civility

Examples:

- social-family values, peer pressures, educational opportunities;

- economic-career opportunities, disposable income

•  Describing the impact of print and electronic media and the Internet on the American way of life

Examples: fashion trends, consumer spending, increased debt, speed of communication, changes in language and social skills

•  Tracing the political and social impact of the modern Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to the present, including Alabama's role

•  Identifying options for civic and community action

Examples: investigating the feasibility of a specific solution to a traffic problem, developing a plan for the construction of a subdivision, using maps to make and justify decisions about the best location for facilities

•  Participating in the political process

Examples: writing letters, being involved in political campaigns and issues

•  Identifying ways adults participate in the political process

Examples: voting, running for office, serving on a jury

•  Applying a problem-solving model to a community project, including constructing a policy statement, budget, and an action plan to achieve one or more goals related to an issue of public concern

•  Explaining the use of map essentials, including type, size, shape, distance, direction, location, scale, and symbols

Examples: reference and thematic maps; topographic maps, globes, and map projections; aerial photographs; satellite images; lines of latitude and longitude; cardinal and intermediate directions; fractional, graphic, and verbal scales; conventional symbols used in atlases; Global Positioning System (GPS); Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

•  Using geographic technology to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective

•  Analyzing relationships among people, places, and the environment by mapping information about them, including trade patterns, governmental alliances, and immigration patterns

Examples: economic development, accessibility, migration, media image, technological developments

•  Using field observations, maps, and other tools to identify and compare physical characteristics of places

Examples: soils, vegetation, climate

•  Comparing physical and human characteristics of various places using observational data and geographic resources

Examples: plate tectonics and continental drift; ocean and atmospheric circulation; erosion; movements of the sun, moon, and Earth; renewable and nonrenewable resources; impact of hurricanes or typhoons on coastal ecosystems; heavy rainfall on hill slopes after deforestation

•  Comparing how ecosystems vary from place to place and over time

Examples:

- place to place-differences in soils, climates, and topography;

- over time-destruction of natural habitats due to effects of floods and forest fires, reduction of species diversity due to loss of natural habitats, reduction of wetlands due to replacement by farms, reduction of forests and farmland due to replacement by housing developments, reduction of previously cleared land due to reforestation efforts

•  Describing physical and human characteristics used to define regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Examples:

- physical-landforms, climates, oceans, rivers;

- human-government, economy, language, religion, culture

•  Relating place names to cultural and/or political perspectives

Examples:

- physical-principal features, natural resources, weather phenomena;

- economic-agriculture, industry, imports and exports;

- political-distribution and movement of human populations;

- cultural-architecture, foods, clothes, languages, religions

Examples: economic competition for scarce resources, boundary disputes, cultural differences, control of strategic locations

Examples: Silk Road, Sahara salt trade of the 1300s, spice trade of the 1400s-1600s, imperialistic relationships, petroleum production, satellite-based communication systems

Examples:

- atmosphere-possible ozone depletion, Clean Air Act;

- biosphere-deforestation, reduction in biodiversity, expansion of the savanna, desertification, prevention of forest fires by proper forest management;

- lithosphere-land degradation, weathering by polluted air and water, reforestation, restocking of fish, water purification;

- hydrosphere-pesticides washing into river systems, decline of quality groundwater

Examples: nuclear waste storage, depletion of fossil fuel by automobiles, protecting the soil through crop rotation, soil degradation after the invention of the steel-tipped plow, increased food supply

•  Identifying the impact of urban growth on the environment

Examples: earthquake drills in Japan, construction of houses on stilts in typhoon-prone areas

•  Relating the importance of energy resources to the development of human societies

•  Discussing the relationship between a country's standard of living and its accessibility to natural resources

•  Assessing differing attitudes of people regarding the use and misuse of resources

•  Predicting the future spatial organization of Earth if present conditions and patterns of consumption, problem-solving innovations, production, and rates of population growth and decline continue

•  Applying a problem-solving model to a geographic issue, including the development of sound arguments for specific actions on the issue

Examples: building a dam and reservoir, constructing a revitalized downtown area, choosing the site of a new landfill

Examples: cave paintings, Ice Man, Lucy, fossils, pottery

•  Identifying the founding of Rome as the basis of the calendar established by Julius Caesar, which was used in early Western civilization for over a thousand years

•  Identifying the birth of Christ as the basis of the Gregorian calendar used in the United States since its beginning and in most countries of the world today, signified by B.C. and A.D.

•  Using vocabulary terms other than B.C. and A.D. to describe time

Examples: B.C.E., C.E.

•  Identifying terms used to describe characteristics of early societies and family structures

Examples: monogamous, polygamous, nomadic

•  Comparing significant features of civilizations that developed in the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Huang He River valleys

Examples: natural environment, urban development, social hierarchy, written language, ethical and religious belief system, government and military institutions, economic systems

•  Identifying on a map locations of cultural hearths of early civilizations

Examples: Mesopotamia, Nile Valley

Examples: Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Greek and Roman gods

•  Identifying cultural contributions of early world religions and philosophies

Examples: Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Greek and Roman gods, Phoenicians

Examples: serving as political and military leader, encouraging cultural interaction, allowing religious diversity

•  Defining boundaries of Alexander the Great's empire and its economic impact

•  Identifying reasons for the separation of Alexander the Great's empire into successor kingdoms

•  Evaluating major contributions of Hellenistic art, philosophy, science, and political thought

Examples:

- expansion-illustrating the spread of Roman influence with charts, graphs, timelines, or maps;

- transformation-noting reforms of Augustus, listing effects of Pax Romana

•  Interpreting spatial distributions and patterns of the Roman Republic using geographic tools and technologies

Example: spread of Roman law and political theory, citizenship and slavery, architecture and engineering, religions, sculpture and paintings, literature, and the Latin language

•  Tracing important aspects of the diffusion of Christianity, including its relationship to Judaism, missionary impulse, organizational development, transition from persecution to acceptance in the Roman Empire, and church doctrine

•  Explaining the role of economics, societal changes, Christianity, political and military problems, external factors, and the size and diversity of the Roman Empire in its decline and fall

Examples:

- India-religions, arts and literature, philosophies, empires, caste system;

- China-religions, politics, centrality of the family, Zhou and Han Dynasties, inventions, economic impact of the Silk Road and European trade, dynastic transitions

•  Identifying the effect of the monsoons on India

•  Identifying landforms and climate regions of China

Example: marking landforms and climate regions of China on a map

•  Identifying factors leading to the establishment of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Examples: rise of Kiev and Muscovy, conversion to Orthodox Christianity, movement of peoples of Central Asia, Mongol conquest, rise of czars

•  Tracing the spread of Islamic ideas through invasion and conquest throughout the Middle East, northern Africa, and western Europe

Examples:

- culture-describing the influence on art, architecture, language, and religion;

- politics-describing changes in civil service;

- economics-introducing patterns of trade

•  Tracing the spread of language, religion, and customs from one African civilization to another

•  Illustrating the impact of trade among Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

Examples: using map symbols, interpreting distribution maps, creating a timeline

Examples: pyramids, wars among pre-Columbian people, religious rituals, irrigation, Iroquois Confederacy

•  Locating on a map sites of pre-Columbian cultures

Examples: Mayan, Inca, Inuit, Creek, Cherokee

Examples: invasions, military leaders

•  Describing the role of the early medieval church

•  Describing the impact of new agricultural methods on manorialism and feudalism

Examples: the Church, scholasticism, Crusades

•  Describing changing roles of church and governmental leadership

•  Comparing political developments in France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire, including the signing of the Magna Carta

•  Describing the growth of trade and towns resulting in the rise of the middle class

Examples: Crusades, Hundred Years' War, Black Death, rise of middle class, commercial prosperity

•  Identifying changes in the arts, architecture, literature, and science in the late Middle Ages

•  Describing the impact of the Commercial Revolution on European society

•  Identifying major ocean currents, wind patterns, landforms, and climates affecting European exploration

Example: marking ocean currents and wind patterns on a map

•  Depicting the general location of, size of, and distance between regions in the early Global Age

Example: drawing sketch maps

•  Contrasting philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke and the belief in the divine right of kings

•  Comparing absolutism as it developed in France, Russia, and Prussia, including the reigns of Louis XIV, Peter the Great, and Frederick the Great

•  Identifying major provisions of the Petition of Rights and the English Bill of Rights

Examples:

- Scientific Revolution-astronomical theories of Copernicus and Galileo, Newton's law of gravity;

- Age of Enlightenment-philosophies of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau

•  Identifying causes of the French Revolution

•  Describing the influence of the American Revolution upon the French Revolution

•  Identifying objectives of different groups participating in the French Revolution

•  Describing the role of Napoleon as an empire builder

•  Identifying the location of countries in Latin America

•  Identifying important inventors in Europe during the Industrial Revolution

•  Comparing the Industrial Revolution in England with later revolutions in Europe

Examples: interaction with the environment, provisions for public health, increased opportunities for upward mobility, changes in social stratification, development of Romanticism and Realism, development of Impressionism and Cubism

•  Describing the search for political democracy and social justice in the Western World

Examples: European Revolution of 1848, slavery and emancipation in the United States, emancipation of serfs in Russia, universal manhood suffrage, women's suffrage

•  Describing resistance to European imperialism in Africa, Japan, and China

•  Describing the rise of Communism in Russia during World War I

Examples: return of Vladimir Lenin, rise of Bolsheviks

•  Describing military technology used during World War I

•  Identifying problems created by the Treaty of Versailles of 1919

Examples: Germany's reparations and war guilt, international controversy over the League of Nations

•  Identifying alliances during World War I and boundary changes after World War I

Examples: 1920s cultural disillusionment, colonial rebellion and turmoil in Ireland and India, attempts to achieve political stability in Europe

•  Identifying causes of the Great Depression

•  Characterizing the global impact of the Great Depression

Examples:

- causes-unanswered aggression, Axis goal of world conquest;

- consequences-changes in political boundaries; Allied goals; lasting issues such as the Holocaust, Atomic Age, and Nuremberg Trials

•  Explaining the rise of militarist and totalitarian states in Italy, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Japan

•  Identifying turning points of World War II in the European and Pacific Theaters

•  Depicting geographic locations of world events between 1939 and 1945

•  Identifying on a map changes in national borders as a result of World War II

Examples: reconstruction of Japan; nationalism in India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Africa; Chinese Communist Revolution; creation of Jewish state of Israel; Cuban Revolution; Central American conflicts

•  Explaining origins of the Cold War

Examples: Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, "Iron Curtain," Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Warsaw Pact

•  Tracing the progression of the Cold War

Examples: nuclear weapons, European power struggles, Korean War, Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War

•  Describing the collapse of the Soviet Empire and Russia's struggle for democracy, free markets, and economic recovery and the roles of Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan, and Boris Yeltsin

Examples: economic failures, demands for national and human rights, resistance from Eastern Europe, reunification of Germany

•  Describing effects of internal conflict, nationalism, and enmity in South Africa, Northern Ireland, Chile, the Middle East, Somalia and Rwanda, Cambodia, and the Balkans

•  Characterizing the War on Terrorism, including the significance of the Iran Hostage Crisis; the Gulf Wars; the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks; and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

•  Depicting geographic locations of major world events from 1945 to the present

•  Discussing problems and opportunities involving science, technology, and the environment in the late twentieth century

Examples: genetic engineering, space exploration

•  Identifying problems involving civil liberties and human rights from 1945 to the present and ways they have been addressed

•  Relating economic changes to social changes in countries adopting democratic forms of government

•  Evaluating the impact of current news stories on the individual and on local, state, national, and international communities

•  Comparing current news stories with related past events

•  Analyzing news stories and their implications for nations of the world

•  Locating areas affected by events described in news stories

•  Identifying recurring historical patterns that may be evidenced around the world

•  Analyzing costs and benefits of trade among nations in an interdependent world

•  Analyzing viewpoints presented in editorial writing and political cartoons

Example: use of symbols to represent viewpoints

•  Comparing ways used by different countries to address individual and national economic and social problems, including child care, tax rates, economic regulations, health care, national debt, and unemployment

Examples: language, art, music, literature, belief systems

•  Discussing the reliability of news stories and their sources

•  Describing the use, misuse, and meaning of different media materials, including photographs, artwork, and film clips

•  Interpreting statistical data related to political, social, and economic issues in current events

•  Discussing the role of intentional and unintentional bias and flawed samplings

Examples: debating various positions, using a deliberative process

•  Describing early psychological and biological inquiries that led to contemporary approaches and methods of experimentation

Example: inquiries of Aristotle, John Locke, Wilhelm Wundt, Charles Darwin, William James, and G. Stanley Hall

•  Comparing current biological, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives

Examples: discussing how each perspective explains aggression or appetite, describing limitations of each perspective in assessing human behavior

•  Identifying major subfields and career opportunities related to psychology

Examples: identifying and describing independent and dependent variables, identifying confounding variables, describing control and experimental groups

•  Designing an experiment in which all elements are identified

•  Explaining characteristics of surveys, naturalistic observations, case studies, longitudinal studies, and cross-sectional studies

•  Describing the use of descriptive statistics in evaluating research

Examples: calculation of the mean, median, and mode from a set of data; correlational analysis

Examples: use of computerized axial tomography (CAT), positron-emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the electroencephalogram (EEG) to provide information on the brain; identification of the neuron as the basis for neural communication; identification of the electrochemical process in neural communication

•  Discussing the role of neurotransmitters in behavior

•  Comparing the effect of drugs and toxins on the brain and neurotransmitters

Example: effect of curare and caffeine on acetylcholine receptors

•  Describing how heredity influences behavior

Examples: differentiating between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), chromosomes, and genes; identifying effects of chromosomal abnormalities

•  Describing effects of the environment on increased survival rate

•  Explaining the role of sensory systems in human behavior

•  Describing the role of Gestalt principles and concepts in perception

Examples: continuity, proximity, similarity

•  Comparing attention needed for demanding and simple tasks

•  Identifying approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts

•  Describing possible physiological and psychological reactions to stress

Examples: physiological-fight-or-flight response, general adaptation syndrome (GAS), immune system reactions; psychological-impairment of psychological functioning, sharpening of thought processes

•  Identifying positive and negative strategies for coping with stress

•  Discussing physical, cognitive, and social changes in prenatal, infant, child, and adolescent development

•  Describing the role of the caregiver in promoting child development

•  Outlining the stage theories of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, Carol Gilligan, and Lawrence Kohlberg

•  Describing the impact of technology on the developmental process

Example: describing effects of media violence

•  Distinguishing between surface and deep processing

•  Identifying problems related to incomplete retrieval

•  Comparing processes of short- and long-term memory

•  Identifying strategies used for improving memory

Examples: mnemonic devices, schemas

Example: contributors-Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner, John B. Watson

•  Identifying biological limitations on learning

•  Describing cultural and environmental constraints on learning opportunities

•  Discussing effects of conditioned response

Examples: describing steps involved in the problem-solving process, describing current theories of language acquisition, tracing physiological language development

•  Identifying mental images and verbal symbols as elements that comprise thought

•  Discussing the effect of culture on language acquisition

•  Identifying basic units of language

Examples: phonemes, morphemes

Examples: comparing nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, comparing theories explaining why people sleep

•  Comparing theories about the use and meaning of dreams

•  Characterizing major categories of psychoactive drugs and their effects

•  Exploring possible uses for hypnosis

Examples: memory recovery, pain control, psychotherapy

•  Describing situational cues that cause emotions such as fear, anger, curiosity, and anxiety

•  Identifying theories that explain motivational processes

Examples: expectancy value, Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

•  Discussing the role of biological and cultural factors in the development of motives

•  Describing theories of emotion and cognitive theories

•  Describing universal aspects of emotion

•  Describing how personality and intelligence may be influenced by differences in heredity and environment

•  Linking intelligence to cognitive skills and strategies

•  Describing theories of intelligence including Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, and the traditional psychometric theory

•  Describing limitations of using conventional intelligence tests to predict performance based on capability

Example: explaining how emotional stability or extroversion is used to describe personality

•  Identifying environmental influences on personality development

•  Describing characteristics of psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and trait approaches to describing human behavior

•  Identifying important contributors and their theories of personality

Examples: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney

•  Distinguishing between objective and projective techniques in personality assessment

•  Identifying patterns of behavior that distinguish normal from abnormal behavior

Examples: cultural context, societal labels, neurobiological imbalances

•  Describing abnormal behavior in terms of observable or reportable symptoms that can be classified as nonpsychotic or psychotic

•  Describing biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches to explaining mental illness

Example: influence of bias and discrimination

•  Identifying the role of social schemas in perception

•  Identifying methods of changing attitudes

Example: persuasive advertising

•  Describing effects of the presence of others on individual behavior

Examples: encouraging social facilitation, creating the "bystander effect"

•  Describing biomedical, psychoanalytical, and social-learning explanations for aggression

Examples: Sigmund Freud's theory of aggressive instinct, effects of testosterone and other hormones on aggression, effects of modeled aggression on behavior

•  Describing internal and external attributes and their effects on human behavior

Example: effects of actor-observer bias

•  Identifying important figures in the field of sociology

Examples: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, George Herbert Mead, W. E. B. Du Bois

•  Identifying characteristics of sociology

Examples: functional integration, power, social action, social structure, culture

Examples: surveys, polls, statistics, demographic information, case studies, participant observation, program evaluation

•  Comparing ways in which cultures differ, change, and resist change

•  Comparing the use of various symbols within and across societies

Examples: objects, gestures, sounds, images

Examples: social deviance, addiction, terrorism, recidivism

•  Contrasting violent crime, property crime, and victimless crime with white-collar crime

•  Comparing methods for dealing with antisocial behavior

Examples: imprisonment, restitution, community service, rehabilitation, education, therapy

Examples: self-concept, nature versus nurture, temperament

Examples: birth, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, parenthood, middle age, late adulthood

•  Describing the value of birth cohorts as a research device

Examples: social stratification, gender roles

•  Explaining the significance of a social class

Examples: status ascription versus achievement, intergenerational social mobility, structural occupational change

•  Identifying the importance of group dynamics

Examples: size, leadership, decision making

•  Identifying differences between the terms race and ethnicity

Examples: structure-two parents, single parent; function-role of parent, role of child, role of spouses

•  Comparing traditional, extended, nuclear, single-parent, and blended families

•  Identifying problems facing families

Examples: abuse, teen pregnancy, poverty, addiction, blended families, care of elderly family members

Examples: schools, churches, voluntary associations, governments

•  Describing origins and beliefs of various religions

•  Comparing various forms of collective behavior

Examples: mobs, riots, fads, crowds

•  Identifying major social issues facing modern society

Examples: ethics of technology, ethics of government

•  Contrasting the impact of the modern Civil Rights Movement, the Women's Movement, the Gun Rights Movement, and the Environmental Movement in the United States

•  Identifying the impact of urbanization

•  Describing the depletion of natural resources

•  Projecting future population patterns

Examples: North America, Middle and South America, Europe, Russia, Africa, Southwest Asia, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Pacific

•  Describing cultural characteristics related to language, architecture, religion, music, art, food, clothing, traditions

•  Identifying human impacts on the cultural landscape

•  Describing physical, cultural, and economic characteristics of the state of Alabama

•  Describing how economic factors such as characteristics of the labor force and availability of transportation affect the location of manufacturing and service industries

•  Identifying physical and human factors that attract foreign investment to Alabama

Examples: availability of labor and resources, transportation, favorable government climate, low taxes, labor, productivity, quality of life

•  Analyzing technological advancements to determine their effect on human and physical environments

Examples: migration of people on the landscape, economic interdependence between people and cultures, human settlement, use of property rights to prevent misuse of resources, cooperation/conflict regarding the rationing of Earth and its resources

•  Describing modifications to the environment for daily living

Example: air conditioning in the American South

•  Identifying the size, distribution, and density of Earth's population

•  Describing the effect of natural events on human land use

Examples: flooding of river valleys, climatic extremes, soil erosion, dust storms, sand movement

•  Tracing human migration to and within the United States

Examples: movement of Hispanics to Alabama, movement of African Americans from Alabama and the southern region to the urban North, migration of people toward the Sun Belt regions of the United States

•  Comparing positive and negative effects of physical systems on human systems

Examples:

- positive-improved transportation,

- negative-destructive force of hurricanes

•  Discussing positive and negative effects of humans on the physical environment

Examples:

- positive-prevention of forest fires by proper forest management, planting legumes to return nitrogen to the soil, terracing hillsides to prevent ererosion;

- negative-habitat loss, air and water pollution, oil consumption and shortage

•  Contrasting positive and negative effects of public policies concerning the physical environment

Examples: Clean Air Act of 1990, Environmental Protection Act

Example: utilizing physical and topographic maps, satellite images, and reference and thematic maps

•  Evaluating the impact of urban expansion in developing and developed countries

Example: identifying characteristics of cities in developed countries and comparing them to cities in developing countries

•  Developing maps, charts, and graphs illustrating the world's changing boundaries and spatial relationships

Examples: mapping shifts in political boundaries of countries; mapping rail, air, and highway connections between Alabama and Washington, D.C.

•  Identifying ways in which values, attitudes, and perceptions are reflected in present and past decisions concerning public policy and location of populations

•  Describing factors that influence preferences about where to live and work

Example: surveying members of the community to identify preferred residential or business areas

•  Explaining reasons for human migration to and from certain regions or areas

Example: population shifts from one region to another for employment, retirement, education, and leisure opportunities

Examples: regional specialization, trade, transnationalism, globalization, multinationalism

•  Tracing global and regional effects of political and economic alliances such as NATO, OPEC, and NAFTA

Example: closure of textile mills in Alabama resulting in loss of jobs to other countries, new employment in industries dependent on low-priced imports, and cost of retraining the workforce to meet the needs of a changing economy

•  Describing the distribution of world resources and their likely markets

Examples: climatic temperature changes, human innovation, desertification, consequences of population growth or decline on economies, utilization and exhaustion of world resources, acquisition of endangered areas for preservation, environmental degradation, war

•  Determining the most suitable location for a sanitary landfill in an urban region using GIS or a series of maps

Examples: maps, globes, topographic maps, satellite imagery, reference and thematic maps

•  Understanding the concept of plate tectonics in relation to the shape of the world

•  Describing location and physical shape of the world's continents, oceans, and seas

•  Locating major mountains, plateaus, plains, and bodies of water

Examples:

- mountains-Alps, Andes, Himalaya, Appalachian, Rocky;

- plateaus-Deccan and Tibetan plateaus;

- plains-Great Plains and altiplanos;

- bodies of water-Mississippi, Nile, Congo, Ganges, and Amazon Rivers

Examples: desert, tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, Mediterranean woodland, boreal forest, tundra

•  Describing how temperature, precipitation, and topography work together to determine world climates

•  Using the Koeppen-Geiger classification system to locate and describe world climate regions

•  Describing population adjustments and adaptations to environment and climate

•  Differentiating between world biomes by climate, vegetation, and fauna

•  Describing how physical processes in the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere shape characteristics of places

Examples:

- atmosphere-weather, wind, atmospheric circulation;

- lithosphere-erosion;

- hydrosphere-rivers and streams;

- biosphere-plant and animal communities

•  Describing characteristics of ecosystems

Examples: biological interdependence of organisms and their environments; effect of physical characteristics on the number, kinds, and distribution of plants and animals in an ecosystem

•  Explaining multiple effects on biomes by an event using cause-and-effect situations

Examples: volcanic eruption event covering topsoil with hardened lava and obliterating flora and fauna, tornadoes damaging housing, floods leading to soil erosion and agricultural losses

Examples: earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons

•  Describing how extreme events in different world regions affect human settlement

Examples: earthquakes in Turkey, hurricanes in coastal region of eastern United States, tornadoes in Alabama

•  Mapping natural disasters to illustrate alteration of landscapes

Examples: restocking of fish, reforestation, crop rotation, depletion of rainforests, air pollution, habitat destruction

•  Discussing the debate over global climate change